Argumentation
- Argument: a set of reasons given in support of a claim. [x]
- Conclusion: The claim intended to be supported by the argument is called the conclusion of the argument. [x]
- Premises: The claims given as reasons for thinking the conclusion of the argument is true are called the premises of the argument. [x]
- Deductive Validity: An argument is valid if the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. If the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true.[x]
- Soundness: An argument is sound if it is valid and all of its premises are true. [x]
- Inductive strength: It is unlikely that the conclusions is false if the premises are true. [x]
- Inductive arguments: an argument that is intended to be strong rather than valid (may be strong or weak, not valid or sound)[x]
- Persuasive argument: valid argument with plausible or obviously true, or antecedent accepted premises.[x]
- Consistency: When a set of propositions cannot all be simultaneously true, the propositions are inconsistent. [x]
Fallacies
10. Appeal to ignorance: arguing that a claim is true because it has not been shown to be false. [x]
11. Appeal to authority: attempting to establish the truth of a claim by appealing to the fact that some alleged authority endorses the claim. [x]
12. Begging the question: using your conclusion as a premise in the argument for that conclusion. [x]
13.Equivocation: using the same word in two different senses to make a bad argument look like a good one. [x]
14. Straw man: misrepresenting an opposing view so that it is easy to refute. [x]
15. False dilemma: presenting a premise of the form”p or q” as though it embraced all relevant possibilities. [x]
16. Slipper slope: slippery slope involves “if then” relationships which are not 100% certain. [x]
17. Fallacies of presumption: make unwarranted assumptions; assume something is true without giving independent evidence of its truth. [x]
18. Fallacies of relevance: present evidence unrelated to the truth of the conclusion; the connection between premises and conclusions is often emotional. [x]
19. Ad Hominem: when a genuine discussion of the topic is avoided by acting the character and attributes of the person making the claim. [x]
20.Tu Quoque: someone’s argument not to perform some act must be faulty because the arguer himself or herself has performed it. [x]
21. Non-sequitur: a conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement. [x]
22. False Dichotomy: A reasoner who unfairly presents too few choices and then implies that a choice must be made among this short menu of choices. [x]
23. Red Herring: a digression that leads the reasoner off the track of considering only relevant information.[x]
24. Questionable premise: you have sufficient background information to know that a premise is questionable or unlikely to be acceptable, then you use this fallacy if you accept an argument based on that premise. [x]
Plato
25. Type-token distinction: the contrast between a category and a member of that category. [x]
26. Plato: a philosopher who was taught by Socrates and taught Aristotle. [x]
Aristotle
27. Art as imitation: not material objects, things, or instances. [x]
28. Catharsis: purification or purgation. [x]
29. Purification: purifying something getting rid of the worse or baser parts of it. [x]
30. Fear: felt for ourselves fear of how we would feel in their position. [x]
31. Virtue: sees the tragic catharsis as a healthy way to train ourselves in appropriate feeling. [x]
32. Misfortune: this is necessary component to catharsis; brought upon myself or others. [x]
33. Reversal: change of fortune. (require surprise) [x]
34. Recognition: change from ignorance to knowledge. (require surprise) [x]
35. Character: our character is formed by our actions. [x]
36. Pity: felt for someone who comes to grief without deserving it. [x]
Tania Punzo 